A gliricidia–maize simultaneous intercropping agroforestry system has shown to be a suitable option for soil fertility improvement and yield increase in highly populated areas of sub Saharan Africa where landholding sizes are very small and inorganic fertilizer use is very low.
Makumba, W. Janssen, B. Oenema, O. Akinnifesi, F. Mweta, D. Kwesiga, F. 2006. The long-term effects of a gliricidia–maize intercropping system in Southern Malawi, on gliricidia and maize yields, and soil properties. Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment 116. p 85-92.