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IPCC Assessment Report 5: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects (Working Group II) - 4. Terrestrial and Inland Water Systems

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Josef Settele (Germany)
Co-authors

Robert Scholes (South Africa)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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Description/Abstract

The topics assessed in this chapter were last assessed by the IPCC in 2007, principally in WGII AR4 Chapters 3 (Kundzewicz et al., 2007) and 4 (Fischlin et al., 2007), but also in WGII AR4 Sections 1.3.4 and 1.3.5 (Rosenzweig et al., 2007). The WGII AR4 SPM stated “Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases,” though they noted that documentation of observed changes in tropical regions and the Southern Hemisphere was sparse (Rosenzweig et al., 2007). Fischlin et al. (2007) found that 20 to 30% of the plant and animal species that had been assessed to that time were considered to be at increased risk of extinction if the global average temperature increase exceeds 2°C to 3°C above the preindustrial level with medium confidence, and that substantial changes in structure and functioning of terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems are very likely under that degree of warming and associated atmospheric CO2 concentration. No time scale was associated with these findings. The carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems were considered to be at high risk from climate change and land use change. The report warned that the capacity of ecosystems to adapt naturally to the combined effect of climate change and other stressors is likely to be exceeded if greenhouse gas (GHG) emission continued at or above the then-current rate.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global Warming
Impacts
Adaptation
Vulnerability
Water Systems
Contact name (for further information)
Josef Settele (Germany)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

Settele, J., R. Scholes, R. Betts, S. Bunn, P. Leadley, D. Nepstad, J.T. Overpeck, and M.A. Taboada, 2014: Terrestrial and inland water systems. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 271-359.

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IPCC Assessment Report 5: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects (Working Group II) - 3. Freshwater Resources

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Blanca E. Jiménez Cisneros (Mexico)
Co-authors

Taikan Oki (Japan)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Language
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Description/Abstract

Changes in the hydrological cycle due to climate change can lead to diverse impacts and risks, and they are conditioned by and interact with non-climatic drivers of change and water management responses (Figure 3-1). Water is the agent that delivers many of the impacts of climate change to society, for example, to the energy, agriculture, and transport sectors. Even though water moves through the hydrological cycle, it is a locally variable resource, and vulnerabilities to water-related hazards such as floods and droughts differ between regions. Anthropogenic climate change is one of many stressors of water resources. Nonclimatic drivers such as population increase, economic development, urbanization, and land use or natural geomorphic changes also challenge the sustainability of resources by decreasing water supply or increasing demand. In this context, adaptation to climate change in the water sector can contribute to improving the availability of water.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global Warming
Impact
Adaptation
Vulnerability
Freshwater
Resources
Contact name (for further information)
Blanca E. Jiménez Cisneros (Mexico)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

Jiménez Cisneros, B.E., T. Oki, N.W. Arnell, G. Benito, J.G. Cogley, P. Döll, T. Jiang, and S.S. Mwakalila, 2014: Freshwater resources. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 229-269.

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IPCC Assessment Report 5: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects (Working Group II) - 2. Foundations for Decision Making

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Roger N. Jones (Australia)
Co-authors

Anand Patwardhan (India)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Description/Abstract

This chapter addresses the foundations of decision making with respect to climate impact, adaptation, and vulnerability (CIAV). The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) summarized methods for assessing CIAV (Carter et al., 2007), which we build on by surveying the broader literature relevant for decision making.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Global Warming
Impact
Adaptation
Vulnerability
Decision Making
Contact name (for further information)
Roger N. Jones (Australia)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

Jones, R.N., A. Patwardhan, S.J. Cohen, S. Dessai, A. Lammel, R.J. Lempert, M.M.Q. Mirza, and H. von Storch, 2014: Foundations for decision making. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 195-228.

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IPCC Assessment Report 5: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects (Working Group II) - 1. Point of Departure

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Virginia R. Burkett (USA)
Co-authors

Avelino G. Suarez (Cuba)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Language
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Description/Abstract

This chapter describes the information basis for the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of IPCC Working Group II (WGII) and the rationale for its structure. As the starting point of WGII AR5, the chapter begins with an analysis of how the literature for the assessment has developed through time and proceeds with an overview of how the framing and content of the WGII reports have changed since the first IPCC report was published in 1990. The future climate scenarios used in AR5 are a marked change from those used in the Third (TAR, 2001) and Fourth (AR4, 2007) Assessment Reports; this shift is described here, along with the new AR5 guidance for communicating scientific uncertainty. The chapter provides a summary of the most relevant key findings from the IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (IPCC, 2011), the IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (IPCC, 2012), and the AR5 Working Group I (The Physical Science Basis) and AR5 Working Group III (Mitigation of Climate Change). Collectively these recent reports, new scenarios, and other advancements in climate change science set the stage for an assessment of impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability that could potentially overcome many of the limitations identified in the IPCC WGII AR4, particularly with respect to the human dimensions of climate change.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Global Warming
Impacts,
Adaptation
Vulnerability
Contact name (for further information)
Virginia R. Burkett (USA)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

Burkett, V.R., A.G. Suarez, M. Bindi, C. Conde, R. Mukerji, M.J. Prather, A.L. St. Clair, and G.W. Yohe, 2014: Point of departure. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 169-194.

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IPCC Assessment Report 5: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects (Working Group II) - Technical Summary

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Christopher B. Field (USA)
Co-authors

Vicente R. Barros (Argentina), Katharine J. Mach (USA), Michael D. Mastrandrea (USA)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Language
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Description/Abstract

Human interference with the climate system is occurring (WGI AR5 SPM Section D.3; WGI AR5 Sections 2.2, 6.3, 10.3 to 10.6, 10.9). Climate change poses risks for human and natural systems (Figure TS.1). The assessment of impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability in the Working Group II contribution to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (WGII AR5) evaluates how patterns of risks and potential  benefits are shifting due to climate change. It considers how impacts and risks related to climate change can be reduced and managed through adaptation and mitigation. The report assesses needs, options, opportunities, constraints, resilience, limits, and other aspects associated with adaptation. It recognizes that risks of climate change will vary across regions and populations, through space and time, dependent on myriad factors including the extent of adaptation and mitigation.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global Warming
Impacts
Adaptation
Vulnerability
Contact name (for further information)
Christopher B. Field (USA)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, M. van Aalst, W.N. Adger, D.J. Arent, J. Barnett, R. Betts, T.E. Bilir, J. Birkmann, J. Carmin, D.D. Chadee, A.J. Challinor, M. Chatterjee, W. Cramer, D.J. Davidson, Y.O. Estrada, J.-P. Gattuso, Y. Hijioka, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, H.Q. Huang, G.E. Insarov, R.N. Jones, R.S. Kovats, P. Romero-Lankao, J.N. Larsen, I.J. Losada, J.A. Marengo, R.F. McLean, L.O. Mearns, R. Mechler, J.F. Morton, I. Niang, T. Oki, J.M. Olwoch, M. Opondo, E.S. Poloczanska, H.-O. Pörtner, M.H. Redsteer, A. Reisinger, A. Revi, D.N. Schmidt, M.R. Shaw, W. Solecki, D.A. Stone, J.M.R. Stone, K.M. Strzepek, A.G. Suarez, P. Tschakert, R. Valentini, S. Vicuña, A. Villamizar, K.E. Vincent, R. Warren, L.L. White, T.J. Wilbanks, P.P. Wong, and G.W. Yohe, 2014: Technical summary. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee,  K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 35-94.

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IPCC/ GIEC Rapport spécial: Gestion des risques de catastrophes et de phénomènes extrêmes pour les besoins de l'Adaptation au changement climatique (SREX) - Résumé à l'Intention des décideurs

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Simon K. Allen (Suisse)
Date of publication
Institution
Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC)
Language
Gender marker
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Description/Abstract

Le Résumé à l’intention des décideurs reprend les principales conclusions du Rapport spécial sur la gestion des risques de catastrophes et de phénomènes extrêmes pour les besoins de l’adaptation au changement climatique (SREX). Les auteurs du Rapport ont évalué les textes scientifiques traitant d’un éventail de questions, des liens entre l’évolution du climat et les phénomènes météorologiques et climatiques extrêmes (les «extrêmes climatiques») aux répercussions de ces phénomènes sur la société et le développement durable. L’analyse a porté sur les interactions des facteurs clima-tiques, environnementaux et humains qui peuvent occasionner des dommages et des catastrophes, sur les possibilités de gérer les risques associés à de tels dommages et catastrophes et sur le rôle majeur que les facteurs indépendants du climat jouent dans l’ampleur des impacts. Les notions essentielles dont il est question dans le Rapport SREX sont défi-nies dans l’encadré SPM.1.

Keywords
Changement Climatique
Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC)
Réchauffement Planétaire
Risque
Catastrophe
Phénomènes extrêmes pour
L’adaptation
Contact name (for further information)
Simon K. Allen (Suisse)
Contact institution (for further information)
Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC)
Citation

GIEC, 2012: Résumé à l’intention des décideurs. In: Gestion des risques de catastrophes et de phénomènes extrêmes pour les besoins de l’adaptation au changement climatique [sous la direction de Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor et P.M. Midgley]. Rapport spécial des Groupes de travail I et II du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Royaume-Uni et New York (État de New York), États-Unis d’Amérique, pp. 1 à 20.

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IPCC Special Report: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) - Appendix 3.A: Notes and Technical Details on Chapter 3 Figures

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Sonia I. Seneviratne (Switzerland)
Co-authors

Neville Nicholls (Australia)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Language
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Description/Abstract

Notes and Technical Details on Chapter 3 Figures

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global Warming
Risk
Extreme Events
Disaster
Adaptation
Contact name (for further information)
Sonia I. Seneviratne (Switzerland)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

Seneviratne, S.I., N. Nicholls, D. Easterling, C.M. Goodess, S. Kanae, J. Kossin, Y. Luo, J. Marengo, K. McInnes, M. Rahimi, M. Reichstein, A. Sorteberg, C. Vera, and X. Zhang, 2012: Appendix 3.A – Notes and technical details on Chapter 3 figures. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). <www.ipcc.ch&gt;.

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IPCC Special Report: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) - Annexes I to IV

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Description/Abstract

Annex I: Authors and expert reviewers

Annex II: Glossary of Terms

Annex III: Acronyms

Annex IV: List of Major IPCC Reports

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global Warming
Risk
Extreme Events
Disaster
Adaptation
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

Annex I Authors and expert reviewers:

IPCC, 2012: Authors and expert reviewers annex. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 545-553

Annex II Glossary of Terms:

IPCC, 2012: Glossary of terms. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 555-564.

Annex III Acronyms:

Annex IV List of Major IPCC Reports:

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IPCC Special Report: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) - 9. Case Studies

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Virginia Murray (UK)
Co-authors

 Gordon McBean (Canada), Mihir Bhatt (India)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Language
Gender marker
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Description/Abstract

In this chapter, case studies are used as examples of how to gain a better understanding of the risks posed by extreme weather and climate-related events while identifying lessons and best practices from past responses to such occurrences. Using the information in Chapters 1 to 8, it was possible to focus on particular examples to reflect the needs of the whole Special Report. The chosen case studies are illustrative of an important range of disaster risk reduction, disaster risk management, and climate change adaptation issues. They are grouped to examine representative types of extreme events, vulnerable regions, and methodological approaches.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global Warming
Risk
Extreme Events
Disaster
Adaptation
Case Study
Contact name (for further information)
Virginia Murray (UK)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

Murray, V., G. McBean, M. Bhatt, S. Borsch, T.S. Cheong, W.F. Erian, S. Llosa, F. Nadim, M. Nunez, R. Oyun, and A.G. Suarez, 2012: Case studies. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 487-542.

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IPCC Special Report: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) - 8. Toward a Sustainable and Resilient Future

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Karen O’Brien (Norway)
Co-authors

Mark Pelling (UK), Anand Patwardhan (India)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC
Language
Gender marker
Youth marker
Description/Abstract

This chapter focuses on the implications of changing climate extremes for development, and considers how disaster risk management and climate change adaptation together can contribute to a sustainable and resilient future. Changes in the frequency, timing, magnitude, and characteristics of extreme events pose challenges to the goals of reducing disaster risk and vulnerability, both in the present and in the future. Enhancing the capacity of social-ecological systems to cope with, adapt to, and shape change is central to building sustainable and resilient development pathways in the face of climate change. The concept for social-ecological systems recognizes the interdependence of social and ecological factors in the generation and management of risk, as well as in the pursuit of sustainable development. Despite 20 years on the policy agenda, sustainable development remains contested and elusive (Hopwood et al., 2005). However, within the context of climate change, it is becoming increasingly clear that the sustainability of humans on the Earth is closely linked to resilient social-ecological systems, which is influenced by social institutions, human agency, and human capabilities (Pelling, 2003; Bohle et al., 2009; Adger et al., 2011).

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global Warming
Risk
Extreme Events
Disaster
Adaptation
Resilience
Sustainability
Future
Contact name (for further information)
Karen O’Brien (Norway)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

O’Brien, K., M. Pelling, A. Patwardhan, S. Hallegatte, A. Maskrey, T. Oki, U. Oswald-Spring, T. Wilbanks, and P.Z. Yanda, 2012: Toward a sustainable and resilient future. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 437-486.

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