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IPCC Assessment Report 5: The Physical Science Basis (Working Group I) - Annex II: Climate System Scenario Tables

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Michael Prather (USA)
Co-authors

Gregory Flato (Canada), Pierre Friedlingstein (UK/Belgium), Christopher Jones (UK), Jean-François Lamarque (USA), Hong Liao (China), Philip Rasch (USA)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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Description/Abstract

Annex II presents, in tabulated form, data related to historical and projected changes in the climate system that are assessed in the chapters of this report (see Section 1.6). It also includes some comparisons with the Third Assessment Report (TAR) and Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) results. These data include values for emissions into the atmosphere, atmospheric abundances and burdens (integrated abundance), effective radiative forcing (ERF; includes adjusted forcing from aerosols, see Chapters 7 and 8), and global mean surface temperatures and sea level. Projections from 2010 to 2100 focus on the RCP scenarios (Moss et al., 2010; Lamarque et al., 2010; 2011; Meinshausen et al., 2011a; van Vuuren et al., 2011; see also Chapters 1, 6, 8, 11, 12 and 13). Projections also include previous IPCC scenarios (IPCC Scenarios 1992a (IS92a), Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B1, TAR Appendix II) and some alternative near-term scenarios for methane (CH4) and short-lived pollutants that impact climate or air quality. Emissions from biomass burning are included as anthropogenic. ERF from land use change is also included in some tables.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Assessment Report (AR5)
Global Warming
The Physical Science Basis
Climate System
Scenario Tables
Contact name (for further information)
Michael Prather (USA)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

IPCC, 2013: Annex II: Climate System Scenario Tables [Prather, M., G. Flato, P. Friedlingstein, C. Jones, J.-F. Lamarque, H. Liao and P. Rasch (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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IPCC Assessment Report 5: The Physical Science Basis (Working Group I) - Annex I: Atlas of Global and Regional Climate Projections

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Geert Jan van Oldenborgh (Netherlands)
Co-authors

Matthew Collins (UK), Julie Arblaster (Australia), Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen (Denmark), Jochem Marotzke (Germany), Scott B. Power (Australia), Markku Rummukainen (Sweden), Tianjun Zhou (China)

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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Description/Abstract

This Annex presents a series of figures showing global and regional patterns of climate change computed from global climate model output gathered as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5; Taylor et al., 2012). Maps of surface air temperature change and relative precipitation change (i.e., change expressed as a percentage of mean precipitation) in different seasons are presented for the globe and for a number of different sub-continental-scale regions. Twenty-year average changes for the near term (2016–2035), for the mid term (2046–2065) and for the long term (2081–2100) are given, relative to a reference period of 1986–2005. Time series for temperature and relative precipitation changes are shown for global land and sea averages, the 26 sub-continental SREX (IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation) regions (IPCC, 2012) augmented with polar regions and the Caribbean, two Indian Ocean and three Pacific Ocean regions. In total this Annex gives projections for 35 regions, 2 variables and 2 seasons. The projections are made under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios, which are introduced in Chapter 1 with more technical detail given in Section 12.3 (also note the discussion of near-term biases in Sections 11.3.5.1 and 11.3.6.1). Maps are shown only for the RCP4.5 scenario; however, the time series presented show how the area-average response varies among the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Spatial maps for the other RCP scenarios and additional seasons are presented in the Annex I Supplementary Material. Figures AI.1 and AI.2 give a graphical explanation of aspects of both the time series plots and the spatial maps. While some of the background to the information presented is given here, discussion of the maps and time series, as well as important additional background, is provided in Chapters 9, 11, 12 and 14. Figure captions on each page of the Atlas reference the specific sub-sections in the report relevant to the regions considered on that page.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Assessment Report
AR5
Global Warming
Atlas
Map
Climate Projection
Contact name (for further information)
Geert Jan van Oldenborgh (Netherlands)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

IPCC, 2013: Annex I: Atlas of Global and Regional Climate Projections [van Oldenborgh, G.J., M. Collins, J. Arblaster, J.H. Christensen, J. Marotzke, S.B. Power, M. Rummukainen and T. Zhou (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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IPCC Assessment Report 5: The Physical Science Basis (Working Group I) - Frontmatter: Foreword, Preface, Dedication

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Thomas F. Stocker (Switzerland)
Co-authors

Dahe Qin (China)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Language
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Description/Abstract

Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Frontmatter with Foreword, Preface and Dedication

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC
Assessment Report 5
AR5
The Physical Science Base
Frontmatter
Contact name (for further information)
Thomas F. Stocker
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.

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IPCC Quinto Relatório de Avaliação (RA5): A base científica - Resumo para Decidores / Resumo Técnico (RT) / Perguntas Frequentes / Glossario

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Thomas F. Stocker (Suica)
Co-authors

Qin Dahe (China), Gian-Kasper Plattner (Suica), Serge Planton (Franca)

Date of publication
Institution
Painel intergovernamental sobre Alterações Climáticas (IPCC)
Language
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Description/Abstract

Resumo para Decisores (RPD) (p.3)

A contribuicao do Grupo de Trabalho I para o Quinto Relatorio de Avaliacao do IPCC (AR5) considera novas evidencias das alteracoes climaticas com base em muitas analises cientificas independentes a partir de observacoes do sistema climatico, registos do paleoclima, estudos teoricos de processos climaticos e simulacoes utilizando modelos climaticos. Ele baseia-se na contribuicao do Grupo de Trabalho I para o Quarto Relatorio de Avaliacao do IPCC (AR4), e incorpora novas descobertas de pesquisas posteriores. Como um componente do quinto ciclo de avaliacao, o Relatorio Especial IPCC sobre a Gestao dos Riscos de Eventos Extremos e Desastres para o Avanco da Adaptacao as Alteracoes Climaticas (SREX) e uma base importante para as informacoes sobre a mudanca meteorologica e climas extremos. Este Resumo para Decisores (RPD) segue a estrutura do relatorio do Grupo de Trabalho I. A narrativa e apoiada por uma serie de conclusoes destacadas abrangentes que, em conjunto, apresentam um resumo conciso. As seccoes principais sao introduzidas por um breve paragrafo em italico, o qual descreve a base metodologica da avaliacao.

Resumo Tecnico (RT) (p.33)

O principal objetivo deste Resumo Tecnico (RT) e fornecer a ligacao entre a avaliacao completa das multiplas linhas de evidencia independente apresentadas nos 14 capitulos do relatorio principal e o resumo altamente condensado preparado como o Resumo para Decisores (RPD) do WGI. O Resumo Tecnico serve, assim, como ponto de partida para aqueles leitores que procuram a informacao completa sobre topicos mais especificos abrangidos por esta avaliacao. Esta finalidade e facilitada pela inclusao de indicadores para os capitulos e seccoes  onde pode ser encontrada a avaliacao completa. Topicos relacionados com politicas, que abrangem muitos capitulos e envolvem muitos processos interligados no sistema climatico, sao apresentados aqui como Elementos de Foco Tematico (EFT), permitindo um rapido acesso a esta informacao.

Perguntas Frequentes (FAQ) (p.119)

Glossario (p.185)

Este glossário define alguns termos específicos tal como os Autores Principais pretendem que sejam interpretados no contexto do presente relatório.

Keywords
Alterações Climáticas
A Base Científica
Grupo de Trabalho I
Quinto Relatorio de Avaliacao do IPCC (AR5)
Resumo Tecnico (RT)
Resumo para Decisores (RPD)
Perguntas Frequentes
Glossario
Contact name (for further information)
Thomas F. Stocker (Suica)
Contact institution (for further information)
Painel intergovernamental sobre Alterações Climáticas (IPCC)
Citation

Resumo para Decisores (RPD) (p.3)

IPCC, 2013: Resumo para Decisores. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribuição do Grupo de Trabalho I para o Quinto Relatório de Avaliação do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Alterações Climáticas [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reino Unido e Nova Iorque, NI, EUA.

Resumo Tecnico (RT) (p.33)

Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, L.V. Alexander, S.K. Allen, N.L. Bindoff, F.-M. Breon, J.A. Church, U. Cubasch, S. Emori, P. Forster, P. Friedlingstein, N. Gillett, J.M. Gregory, D.L. Hartmann, E. Jansen, B. Kirtman, R. Knutti, K. Krishna Kumar, P. Lemke, J. Marotzke, V. Masson-Delmotte, G.A. Meehl, I.I. Mokhov, S. Piao, V. Ramaswamy, D. Randall, M. Rhein, M. Rojas, C. Sabine, D. Shindell, L.D. Talley, D.G. Vaughan e S.-P. Xie, 2013: Resumo Tecnico. Em: Climate Change 2013: As Bases da Ciência Física. Contribuição do Grupo de Trabalho I para o Quinto Relatório de Avaliação do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Alterações Climáticas [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reino Unido e Nova Iorque, NI, EUA.

Perguntas Frequentes (FAQ) (p.119)

Glossario (p.185)

IPCC, 2013: Anexo III: Glossario [Planton, S. (ed.)]. Em: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reino Unido e Nova Iorque, NI, EUA.

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GIEC Rapport d’évaluation 5 (RE5): Les éléments scientifiques (Groupe de travail I) - Résumé à l’intention des décideurs

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Thomas F. Stocker
Co-authors

Dahe Qin

Date of publication
Institution
Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC)
File format
Language
Gender marker
Youth marker
Description/Abstract

Dans cette contribution au cinquième Rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (RE5), le Groupe de travail I (GTI) examine de nouveaux éléments concernant le changement climatique sur la base de nombreuses analyses scientifiques indépendantes d’observations du système climatique, d’archives paléoclimatiques, d’études théoriques des processus climatiques et de simulations à l’aide de modèles climatiques. Il s’appuie sur sa contribution au quatrième Rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (RE4) et incorpore de nouveaux résultats de recherche obtenus depuis. Composante du cinquième cycle d’évaluation, le rapport spécial intitulé Gestion des risques de catastrophes et de phénomènes extrêmes pour les besoins de l’adaptation au changement climatique (SREX) représente un socle d’informations important sur l’évolution des extrêmes météorologiques et climatiques. Le présent Résumé à l’intention des décideurs suit la structure du rapport du Groupe de travail I. Ce texte s’accompagne d’une mise en exergue des principales conclusions qui, rassemblées, fournissent un résumé concis. L’introduction des principales sections se présente sous la forme d’un bref paragraphe en italique, qui souligne les bases méthodologiques de l’évaluation.

Keywords
Changements Climatiques
Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat
GIEC
Rapport d’évaluation 5
RE5
Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat
Les éléments scientifiques
Contact name (for further information)
Thomas F. Stocker
Contact institution (for further information)
Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC)
Citation

GIEC, 2013: Résumé à l’intention des décideurs, Changements climatiques 2013: Les éléments scientifiques. Contribution du Groupe de travail I au cinquième Rapport d’évaluation du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat [sous la direction de Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex et P.M. Midgley]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Royaume-Uni et New York (État de New York), États-Unis d’Amérique.

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IPCC Assessment Report 5: Technical Summary

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Thomas F. Stocker (Switzerland)
Co-authors

Qin Dahe (China), Gian-Kasper Plattner (Switzerland)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Language
Gender marker
Youth marker
Description/Abstract

Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis is the contribution of Working Group I (WGI) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This comprehensive assessment of the physical aspects of climate change puts a focus on those elements that are relevant to understand past, document current and project future climate change. The assessment builds on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)1 and the recent Special Report on Managing the Risk of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX)2 and is presented in 14 chapters and 3 annexes. The chapters cover direct and proxy observations of changes in all components of the climate system; assess the current knowledge of various processes within, and interactions among, climate system components, which determine the sensitivity and response of the system to changes in forcing; and quantify the link between the changes in atmospheric constituents, and hence radiative forcing (RF)3, and the consequent detection and attribution of climate change. Projections of changes in all climate system components are based on model simulations forced by a new set of scenarios. The Report also provides a comprehensive assessment of past and future sea level change in a dedicated chapter. Regional climate change information is presented in the form of an Atlas of Global and Regional Climate Projections (Annex I). This is complemented by Annex II: Climate System Scenario Tables and Annex III: Glossary.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC
Assessment Report 5
AR5
Global Warming
Technical Summary
Contact name (for further information)
Thomas F. Stocker (Switzerland)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, L.V. Alexander, S.K. Allen, N.L. Bindoff, F.-M. Bréon, J.A. Church, U. Cubasch, S. Emori, P. Forster, P. Friedlingstein, N. Gillett, J.M. Gregory, D.L. Hartmann, E. Jansen, B. Kirtman, R. Knutti, K. Krishna Kumar, P. Lemke, J. Marotzke, V. Masson-Delmotte, G.A. Meehl, I.I. Mokhov, S. Piao, V. Ramaswamy, D. Randall, M. Rhein, M. Rojas, C. Sabine, D. Shindell, L.D. Talley, D.G. Vaughan and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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IPCC Assessment Report 5: The Physical Science Basis

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Lisa V. Alexander (Australia)
Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Language
Gender marker
Youth marker
Description/Abstract

The Working Group I contribution to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) considers new evidence of climate change based on many independent scientific analyses from observations of the climate system, paleoclimate archives, theoretical studies of climate processes and simulations using climate models. It builds upon the Working Group I contribution to the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), and incorporates subsequent new findings of research. As a component of the fifth assessment cycle, the IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) is an important basis for information on changing weather and climate extremes.

This Summary for Policymakers (SPM) follows the structure of the Working Group I report. The narrative is supported by a series of overarching highlighted conclusions which, taken together, provide a concise summary. Main sections are introduced with a brief paragraph in italics which outlines the methodological basis of the assessment.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC
Assessment Report 5
AR5
Physical Science
Global Warming
Contact name (for further information)
Lisa V. Alexander (Australia)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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IPCC Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5 ºC - Annex I: Glossary

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
J. B. Robin Matthews (UK)
Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Language
Gender marker
Youth marker
Description/Abstract

Explore terms that are used in the report to better understand key concepts and the meaning behind how terms are used.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC
Global Warming
Adaptation
Mitigation
Glossary
Contact name (for further information)
J. B. Robin Matthews (UK)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

IPCC, 2018: Annex I: Glossary [R. Matthews (ed.)]. In: Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Portner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Pean, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.

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IPCC Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5 ºC - Chapter 5 Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Joyashree Roy (India)
Co-authors

Petra Tschakert (Australia/Austria), Henri Waisman (France)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Language
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Description/Abstract

The interactions of climate change and climate responses with sustainable development including sustainable development impacts at 1.5C and 2C, the synergies and tradeoffs of mitigation and adaptation with the Sustainable Development Goals/SDGs, and the possibilities for sustainable and equitable low carbon, climate resilient development pathways.

This chapter takes sustainable development as the starting point and focus for analysis. It considers the broad and multifaceted bi-directional interplay between sustainable development, including its focus on eradicating poverty and reducing inequality in their multidimensional aspects, and climate actions in a 1.5°C warmer world. These fundamental connections are embedded in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The chapter also examines synergies and trade-offs of adaptation and mitigation options with sustainable development and the SDGs and offers insights into possible pathways, especially climate-resilient development pathways towards a 1.5°C warmer world.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC
Global Warming
Sustainable Development
Poverty Eradication
Reducing Inequalities
Contact name (for further information)
Joyashree Roy (India)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

J. Roy, P. Tschakert, H. Waisman, S. Abdul Halim, P. Antwi-Agyei, P. Dasgupta, B. Hayward, M. Kanninen, D. Liverman, C. Okereke, P. F. Pinho, K. Riahi, A. G. Suarez Rodriguez, 2018, Sustainable development, poverty eradication and reducing inequalities. In: Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, R. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.

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IPCC Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5 ºC - Chapter 4 Strengthening and Implementing the Global Response

Content Type
Author or Institution as Author
Heleen de Coninck (Netherlands/EU)
Co-authors

Aromar Revi (India)

Date of publication
Institution
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Language
Gender marker
Youth marker
Description/Abstract

The global response to warming of 1.5oC comprises transitions in land and ecosystem, energy, urban and infrastructure, and industrial systems. The feasibility of mitigation and adaptation options, and the enabling conditions for strengthening and implementing the systemic changes, are assessed in this chapter.

Limiting warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels would require transformative systemic change, integrated with sustainable development. Such change would require the upscaling and acceleration of the implementation of arreaching, multilevel and cross-sectoral climate mitigation and addressing barriers. Such systemic change would need to be linked to complementary adaptation actions, including transformational adaptation, especially for pathways that temporarily overshoot 1.5°C (medium evidence, high agreement). Current national pledges on mitigation and adaptation are not enough to stay below the Paris Agreement temperature limits and achieve its adaptation goals. While transitions in energy efficiency, carbon intensity of fuels, electrification and land-use change are underway in various countries, limiting warming to 1.5°C will require a greater scale and pace of change to transform energy, land, urban and industrial systems globally.

Keywords
Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC
Adaptation
Mitigation
Global Warming
Contact name (for further information)
Heleen de Coninck (Netherlands/EU)
Contact institution (for further information)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Citation

H. de Coninck, A. Revi, M. Babiker, P. Bertoldi, M. Buckeridge, A. Cartwright, W. Dong, J. Ford, S. Fuss, JC. Hourcade, D. Ley, R. Mechler, P. Newman, A. Revokatova, S. Schultz, L. Steg, T. Sugiyama, 2018, Strengthening and implementing the global response. In: Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.

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